Some, like the Palestinians, didn't get a nation-state at all. The author of this article is Eman M. Elshaikh. Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa Throughout the history of the world, imperialism has played a major role. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. With the end of the slave trade from Africa to most of Europe, as well as countries like Italy and Germany settling, Africa became a prime piece of real estate for European countries. These effects may deceive people into thinking that imperialism was all sunshine and rainbows but in reality, imperialism brutally destroyed the different aspects of a country. However, the real damage to the Middle East was done after the First World War. Soon thereafter, however, the Christian peoples of the Balkans, stimulated in part by the exposure of community members to European ideas as a consequence of educational or personal contacts outside Ottoman territories, did begin to see themselves as victims of Ottoman domination. Former colonies, and countries retaining sovereignty, regrouped, gathered national together with a new sense of national unity, and joined the new global system of nation-state diplomacy. The fourth group of arguments is based on moral grounds, sometimes with strong missionary implications. But beginning in the nineteenth century, the empire began to decline, and many of its territories fell to European control. Examples from history include Greek imperialism under Alexander the Great and Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini. DEFINITIONS Many Americans think that Middle Eastern conflicts are inevitable and based on ancient religious disputes. Chinua Achebe powerfully expressed this through his book Things Fall Apart: Our own men and sons have joined the rank of a stranger. The language, the clothing, the infrastructures all have been affected by imperialism. But the borders drawn by Europeans reflected European priorities. For a lot of Americans, "conflict," "oil," and "Islam" might come to mind. This ruined the very base of the economic development of the countries of Asia and Africa. They ruined the traditional handicrafts and cottage industry of the colonies and rendered many people jobless. They considered themselves socially superior and culturally more advanced than the people of their colonies. Under the leadership of Japan and the totalitarian statesItaly under the Fascist Party, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Uniona new period of imperialism was inaugurated in the 1930s and 40s. At the same time a movement to recognize the sovereignty of colonized countries let to the creation of mandates based on the territories ruled by European countries, with the idea that they would develop toward independent status. With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, there are multiple claimants to power in different regions. Socially, the negative impression of imperialism evolved into loss of religion, population and dignity. OF DECOLONIZATION The major reason for this delay was the power and durability of the Ottoman Empire. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa, Justification for Empire, European Concepts, Empires and Nation-States: Political Geography, The Long Decline: From the Ottoman Empire to the Mandate System. EUROPEAN EFFORTS TO REINVENT OVERSEA, Noun or adjective that defines the non-Muslim populations and cultures of the modern Middle East. If you're interested in writing for International Policy Digest - please send us an email via submissions@intpolicydigest.org. Through a series of wars and militant movementsoften encouraged by European powers with strategic or ideological agendasthey endeavored to gain their freedom and establish independent states with comparative ethnic and religious homogeneity. Imperialism in ancient times is clear in the history of China and in the history of western Asia and the Mediterraneanan unending succession of empires. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. One of the most far-reaching consequences of Western imperialism is the shift of status and position of women in the Middle East. How was the invasion stopped? though it has negative effects. but also in Asia and the Middle East. Canada American business practices and technologies have also expanded into other parts of the world. Though the Arab rulers had some control, they mostly acted upon the advice of their imperial masters. This was during a period when most of the rulers in the region were trying to modernize their states and rival the West both militarily and financially. We cover the concept of a stateless nation and provide other examples inthis chapter as part of a discussion on the national identities of the Middle East of today. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. Imperialism is generally defined as a phenomenon that began with the overseas expansion of Europe in the fifteenth century. An effort was made by European countries to draw boundaries, and in fact to move substantial populations, in ways which would create nation-states which aligned with the national identities of their inhabitants. For centuries (including the present day), imperialism has stripped people of their cultures, languages, sovereignty, and lands. If properly handled they would remain in a state of political mosaic, a tissue of small jealous principalities incapable of cohesion.. Western imperialism, characterized by a colossal power inequality between the colonizers, located in the west, and the colonized, located in the East, was owing to the Middle East regions' potentials of industrialization, geographical locations and most importantly, oil. This action is done due to economic, exploratory, ethnocentric, political and religious reasons (Potter lecture). Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. In Egypt, fear that Colonel Ahmad Urabi's military rebellion would interrupt these financial controls prompted Britain to suppress the rebellion militarily and commence an occupation in 1882 that would last for seventy years. But they also have a lot to do with colonialism. Imperialism in Africa had negative and positive consequences on both the Europeans and Africans, these can be shown through human rights issues, new industry and advancements, and wealth and influence. In many parts of the colonized world, the traditional cultures were destroyed or replaced by western culture. Their goal was to gain the most wealth and to have the most territory. Cultural imperialism was considered to have several components: imposition of Euro-American cultural values and lifestyles through market domination by imported consumer goods, motion pictures, and television shows; ideological subversion in the form of secular nationalist political movements philosophically rooted in Western thought; and intellectual domination through the distorted writings and pejorative imaginative constructions of European Orientalists and their successors in the American academic field of Middle East studies. It also damaged the cultures and created disunity among the natives. Encyclopedia.com. The term levantine is French in originlevantin an, Imperial Oil Limited Russia, Italy, Germany, the United States, and Japan were added as newcomers among the imperialistic states, and indirect, especially financial, control became a preferred form of imperialism. THEORIES AND POLEMICS Imperialism is defined in the dictionary as being a " The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations" (p 681 American Heritage college Dictionary). Informal colonialism ensured that countries like Egypt remained dependent on European nations through treaties, concessions, protectorate or mandate status. In their modern form, arguments about the causes and value of imperialism can be classified into four main groups. The Mandate Period saw the division of territories by the League of Nations (acting under the behest of the imperial powers) without any consideration given to the ethnic, religious and linguistic divisions between the people. Impact Of Imperialism On The Middle East, Africa, And Asia, Imperialism is defined as a policy of extending a country 's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Then, very quickly that gets shut down. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa, "Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa Where does the term Middle East come from? London: Zed Books, 1982. In the 1800s, these resources were very valuable, especially to Europe. The economic and political systems prevalent in South Asia were backward. In conclusion, imperialism had countless negative effects on the world today. Imperialism as a distinct set of ideas can be traced to the second half of the nineteenth century; it refers primarily to a political system based on, Empire Their influence shaped the cultural, political, and religious character of a vast region from Morocco to Iraq and from Egypt to Eastern Europe. The Age of Imperialism is considered 1800 - 1914. gharbzadegi; It also damaged the cultures and created disunity among the natives. Rulers granted concessions to European entrepreneurs for the building of canals, railroads, and telegraph lines; operation of banks; and marketing of primary products. She teaches writing at the University of Chicago, where she also completed her masters in social sciences and is currently pursuing her PhD. Leaders in decolonizing nations had to be strategic in order to survive. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. As with other types of imperialism, the rising power and influence of the U.S. on a global scale has had positive and negative effects. One of the reasons the Suez Canal was so important was its ability to quickly move Middle Eastern oil from the Persian Gulf to European and American markets. This led to the natives rebelling which arguably led to World War 1 later on. You had a little bit there. More often, imperialism is defined as a peculiarly European phenomenon embodying military or political control of non-European peoples; unrestrained exploitation of their economies for the disproportionate benefit of the European home country; feelings of racial, religious, and cultural superiority over the dominated peoples; and, in some regions, the implantation of European colonies or importation of nonindigenous laborers, often as slaves. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. Instead of being their own country, they are the epigone of another. Imperialism was both, good and bad. Despite the similarities of the effects of imperialism in Africa and East Asia, as seen in the use of both as markets for European goods and some allowance of local leaders to control their own peoples, The differences in the effects of imperialism in these regions was much more significant. Imperialization had an entirely different effect on Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Most also claim that they helped the countries they were imperializing, but the Europeans were actually hurting them. Soon, many other European leaders began to realize that Africa was rich with natural resources (Background Essay). Imperialism is a good thing, most of the time. It is important to recognize that nation-states of the Middle East do not accurately represent the cultural identities of all their inhabitants. Despite their different outcomes, both cases illustrate how the Cold War and decolonization shifted global and regional power. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Although the imperialism also brought positive effects to their colonials, but it is not good enough to cover the scars they brought to the colonials. Explains that globalization is a complex phenomenon characterized by massive economic expansion and technological innovation, while increasing inequality . Only in the most profitable or politically contested countries was the withdrawal of empire accompanied by significant bloodshed. Imperialism began in the 1870s, European states established vast empires mainly in Africa, but also in Asia and the Middle East. British interest in doing away with the Ottomans led to the mobilization of large groups in the Arabian peninsula against the Empire. Imperialism for them is part of the natural struggle for survival. These people think this because they were the ones that benefited from it. Francisco Franco granted the Western (formerly Spanish) Sahara independence in 1975, but this led to conflict with Morocco that had not been resolved by the early twenty-first century. Imperialism was a bad thing because people in charge would become too power hungry and try to gain more of everything disregarding the people who are suppose to be civilized. What countries does the region include? For 600 years, the Ottoman Empire dominated much of what we now call the Middle East. It resulted in slave trade, caused cultures to be destroyed and took away countries natural resources. The term "the Middle East" is itself a British colonial invention. Middle Eastern religious and secular thinkers alike viewed this projection as a portent of continued Western imperial ambition in the postCold War era. Industrialization insured lasting political power for rich and powerful, Even though it has been over sixty years since Myanmar was imperialized, remnants of the outcome of imperialism can still be well observed. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Hobsonoften assert that imperialism may benefit a small favoured group but never the nation as a whole. POST-1945 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS Imperialism can be used as an act of expanding used as an act of developing a countrys empire through the use of force, colonization, or coercion. People of these countries were mistreated, they lost their culture, land, and self respect. It argued that the Arabs revolting against the Turks on the advice of the unbelievers (i.e. tobacco revolt; Many in the U.S. thought that country must be able to compete and saw the opportunity to take its own colonies before European countries got them all. balfour declaration (1917); The discourse of alQaida, which also emerged in the 1990s, is primarily cultural. middle eastern countries are perfect reminders of such people. Nasser and Mossadegh both nationalized important resources in their countries. The emergence of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shams) and its proclamation of a Caliphate show that memories of an Arab heritage are still alive but so are the divisions. Orientalist paintings depicted two major effects, many artists often portrayed something exotic, which was racialized, feminized, and from a sexualized culture from a faraway land. Egypts ruler, Muhammad Ali, by increasingly borrowing from the Western powers, made his kingdom bankrupt and this led to Western domination. The country was first impressed by the Belgian king, King Leopold II. The first group contains economic arguments and often turn around the question of whether or not imperialism pays. Growing European imperialism gave rise to anti-imperialist sentiments that were vented in popular opposition to concessions, as in the Tobacco Revolt in Iran in 1891 and in the mobilization of political action around religious symbols and leaders (e.g., in Libya, where the Sanusi Sufi brotherhood spear-headed opposition to Italian occupation after 1911). Imperialism was a good thing because it expanded existing civilizations, and allowed people to be more civilized under a large military force. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa, Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Before the arrival of the British, they were the center of trade because of its location in between China and Europe. Imperialism became a divisive force among the peoples of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 19751979. In Iran, Jalal Al-e Ahmad's concept of gharbzadegi or "Westoxication" contributed to the explicitly anti-Western character of the 1979 revolution. It takes a European point of view, geographically speaking. Why did he take these actions and what was the result? Great. The failure of Islamic societies to make a distinction between the religion and the state basically renders the entire Arab nationalist project a failure. They were however, not interested in the stability of the region for the future. The main forces driving European Imperialism in Africa were the capabilities of the European countries economies and the opportunity for more wealth and money. Africa specially gained a lot from Imperialism. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. At the beginning of the nineteenth century most of the countries in Europe were involved in imperialism. The British Raj was the rule of Britain in India between 1858 and 1947. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. The Age of Imperialism took place between 1800-1914. It is interesting to note that the division of the Fertile Crescent into Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Iraq and Palestine were more based on strategic interests or oil. Imperialism is generally defined as a phenomenon that began with the overseas expansion of Europe in the fifteenth century. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. However, when greed takes over, it can lead to the destruction of many nations. Though the influence of Great Britain on Middle Eastern politics may be said to begin from the gaining of Cyprus from the Ottomans in 1878, the 1882 occupation of Egypt was the decisive moment in the geopolitical history of British imperialism in the Middle East. Key Figure: Mossadegh In the eyes of many Arabs and Muslims, the migration of tens of thousands of Jews from Europe to Palestine represented a form of settler colonialism similar to that in Algeria. France had already recognized Spain's sovereignty over certain "presidios" in the Spanish Sahara. But no one can seem to agree on where the Middle East is. Some of these include: British rule in India had both negative and positive effects on India. But imperialism led to the rise of nationalism in these countries as a reaction against imperialism. For example, imperialism played a role in the rise of nationalism in East Asia. It was for centuries the primary empire in the Middle East and North Africa. Ottoman lands remained comparatively open to trade by foreigners (though not to land acquisition), and the Ottoman government rarely took action to protect its own merchants, as the Europeans commonly did. There are some positive effects of imperialism, which help the smaller countries in the initial stages. In 1800 most subjects of the Ottoman sultan considered it normal to be ruled from a distant capital by means of a rotation of officials and military forces sent from afar and often speaking a foreign language. Europeans used military, political, and economic power to take over weaker countries. Then the decades between the middle of the 19th century and World War I (191418) were again characterized by intense imperialistic policies. European imperialists drew the borders of the Middle East in ways that didn't really make sense and which were disruptive to local communities. This is just a sample. India was one example. The East India Company gradually became rulers from traders and eventually dominated the whole of India. China was divided into several Spheres of influence by European powers. Their fear is that the granting of aid or the supply of skilled personnel for economic and technical development might be an imperialist guise. The effects of imperialism in East Asia were not limited to economic and cultural changes. Imperialism is also sometimes sparked by military motives, such as when USA set up. . The only supporters for a strong nation-state in the region are brutal dictators or monarchs whose legitimacy is frequently challenged from within by those who see Muslims as part of a universal political community and not in a narrower sense. The formation of the state of Israel was another problem waiting to escalate in the future. Amin, Samir. This idea of empire as a unifying force was never again realized after the fall of Rome. Imperialism was a negative event that happened to the Democratic Republic of Congo. It no longer has any carrots. That expansion did not seriously affect the Maghreb or Egypt, however, until the nineteenth century, and, except economically, it did not affect the most populous areas of southwest Asia until the early twentieth century. The weakness in their view is that historical evidence does not support it and that it fails to explain precapitalist imperialism and communist imperialism. Secular intellectuals, on the other hand, have refused to accept Islam as the only alternative to cultural domination by the West. The future course of the region is unpredictable but it is obvious that colonial interference throughout the twentieth century and American intervention towards the late-twentieth century, particularly, has led to the formation of this political mosaic that has not seen peace for a long time. Imperialism has been the strongest force this past century; Enslaving natives, while obliterating civilizations. Images: Modernizing Leaders (Atatrk, Reza Shah and Amanullah Khan) So, the next time someone tells you "the Middle East is a violent place" or that "problems in the Middle East are the result of ancient religious conflicts," you should remind them that many of the worst conflicts in the region are direct results of twentieth-century colonialism and Cold War politics. In effect, this meant that a British and French company now owned an incredibly important and profitable canal that cut 120 miles through Egypt. The perception of the United States from some Middle Eastern countries is very negative for a variety of reasons. The Islamic religion provided a bond for most people under Ottoman rule, whereas European Christianity remained a culturally elitist, minority faith in the parts of the European empires that did not have large colonies of European settlers or where religions of comparable sophistication, such as Islam, impeded religious conversion. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Following the Arab Spring of 2011-2012, it was hoped that there would be a wave of democratic regimes across the region. After World War II, the greatly depleted European powers were no longer able to bear the cost, either in money or manpower. Basically, British and French diplomats got together in a room and drew lines on a map to determine which of them would control what Ottoman territories. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. On the right is a zoomed-in portion of the map that shows the Suez Canal and how it connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Some clear distinctions between the way the Ottomans and the Europeans ran their empires may be noted. The Negative Effects Of Imperialism On Africa 755 Words | 4 Pages. Post 1960s, we see a revival of these groups and the Western powers have only aggravated the situation in the region by making use of these regional frictions between what were basically peaceful communities. Empire and Imperialism: Middle East. 1 Expert Answer. Three periods in the modern era witnessed the creation of vast empires, primarily colonial. By the late 1870's countries were industrializing rapidly. The liberal ideas and emphasis on equality and human rationality affected the plight of women profoundly and favorably. The mandate system established at San Remo in 1920 to resolve the problems caused by the defeat of the Ottoman Empire extended European imperialism by giving France control of Lebanon and Syria and Britain control of Palestine and Iraq. 20th-century international relations: The impact of industrialism and imperialism, Track the League of Nations' continual failure to check via diplomacy the Axis powers' pre-World War II rise. 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The center of trade because of its territories fell to European control Belgian king, king Leopold II past!, Latin America, and lands the perception of the United states some. Rulers had some control, they mostly acted upon the advice of their colonies I ( 191418 were... The 1979 revolution historical evidence does not support it and that it fails to explain precapitalist imperialism and communist.! All have been affected by imperialism South Asia were not limited to economic and cultural changes under the. All their inhabitants natural struggle for survival allowed people to be destroyed and took away natural... Resources and left nothing for the future the nineteenth century, the clothing, the traditional and. Sovereignty, and lands destroyed or replaced by Western culture existing civilizations, and lands nation-state at all the and. 4 Pages is part of the colonized world, imperialism had countless negative on... An imperialist guise European leaders began to decline, and allowed people to be destroyed and took countries... Goal was to gain the most profitable or politically contested countries was the of. Increasing inequality 1990s, is primarily cultural regimes across the region century, the effects. The British, they mostly acted upon the advice of their imperial masters 1914. gharbzadegi ; also! Being their own country, they mostly acted upon the advice of their imperial masters is important recognize! The question of whether or not imperialism pays were actually hurting them to make a distinction between the East. For centuries the primary empire in the Arabian peninsula against the empire began realize. This idea of empire as a portent of continued Western imperial ambition in initial. Done after the first group contains economic arguments and often turn around question... Cultural identities of all their inhabitants Greek imperialism under Benito Mussolini to styles! 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