1. This article has been viewed 110,830 times. It is not, unlike the US, specifically illegal to make a U turn less than 200ft from an oncoming vehicle. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. If your car does not have a hand brake, just press the foot brake. Speaking of steep hills, always turn the wheels to the right on a steep downhill or to the left on a steep uphill. Definition of 'handbrake turn' handbrake turn in British English noun a turn sharply reversing the direction of a vehicle by speedily applying the handbrake while turning the steering wheel Collins English Dictionary. Can I practice driving manoeuvres' in car parks legally? In September 2022, Abarth invited us down to a handbrake turn masterclass in the paddock of Brands Hatch, keenly pointing out to us that its the only mainstream manufacturer in the UK that still offers a manual handbrake across its entire range of cars. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. If so, then the car could be rendered . I have had far more handbrake bits replaced than I have ever had hydraulic bits. Chris Knapman, editor at CarGurus UK, commented: Its official, the death of the handbrake is coming as manufacturers switch to electronic parking brakes in huge numbers. Can you flip a car doing a handbrake turn? By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The basic danger lies in bad judgment of surroundings, resulting in the sliding vehicle hitting an obstacle (another vehicle, a guardrail or a tree), or bad judgment of speed, resulting in the vehicle driving off the road rather than sliding, or releasing the handbrake when the vehicle is moving sideways so that all tire forces are sideways. All registered in England and Wales. Are led reverse, indicator and sidelights legal in the uk. Has anyone had a similar experience? Then you have one final chance to say your goodbyes before the coffin is lowered into the grave and the dirt is piled up atop it. However, as the pictures above show, we discovered that its a quite easy to under- and overcook the manoeuvre, which will result in a slightly skew-whiff parking job. wikiHow is a wiki, similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. The Infographics Show focuses on making animated motion infographic videos, made in a fun and entertaining way. Hitler tried once, look what happened to him. The Salmon Act of 1986 punishes anyone receiving or disposing of salmon in an illegal manner, but the act has been expanded to include other fish such as trout, eels, lampreys, and smelt. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. I always use the hand brake and often get yelled at by other Pennsylvanians for using it. Step one is to get your hands in position. Try that in jolly old England, and the plod will have something to say about it. Maybe youre helping a friend with a home renovation. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Motorists who rev their engines, play loud music or perform handbrake turns on a Tesco car park can now have their vehicles seized. This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. IMO they are mainly/only fitted and used by drifters,rally and stunt drivers (and wannabees. A handbrake turn is a common skill seen in Hollywood movies, but it's not just for Vin Diesel. An electronic parking brake (EP, although applied electronically, must be maintained in operation by direct mechanical means. You just made a big mistake, because in London its illegal to carry a plank of wood on the sidewalk. Ok sure, the car isn't going to move by itself if it's on a flat surface, but wouldn't it be really easy for someone or something to push it if you didn't have the brake on? After rotation, while the clutch is still depressed, release the handbrake and select the correct gear. References. Any time | Any place | Anywhere. Mr Roddy said the boy had been out with his friends and while there was no one in the car with him he had been encouraged to carry out the manoeuvre by others. Were not sure, but perhaps there was a spree of plank-related crime that were unaware of. I've had to drive with the tail dragging for a few hundred meters several times in order to wrench it loose. As we say at the school, Clutch, Turn, Pull. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, The sound of metal teeth grinding angrily as the handbrake is applied will soon be a thing of the past, says Sean OGrady, as manufacturers replace the manual with the automatic, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. The latter provides the centripetal force that makes the rear end of the car follow the turn. It reviewed a total of 642 new models offered by 38 mainstream brands in the UK. No doubt caught up in the grief of his loss, he was still forced to pay the fine for a law meant to allow the gravediggers to work undisturbed. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. If you got it right, your car will balletically pivot around the cone. Some of the laws in this episode obviously are rarely if ever enforced, but sadly this one was in fact enforced in 2015 when a man was fined 160 pounds- 48.49 fish and chips- for lingering an extra 20 minutes at his wifes grave. Weve all been there- youre walking down the street when suddenly you spot a guy coming your way. This was an intermittent fault but it decided to happen as the police were watching me try to unlock the car. However, they may be used to assist the application or release of a mechanical brake. In a normal turn, rear wheels follow the front ones because resistance to motion in the forward direction (in which the wheels turn) is significantly less than in the sideways direction. Use of the handbrake locks the rear wheels, and when turning, will help rotate the back end of the car more quickly than a normal turn. Racers use handbrake turning only to negotiate tight 180-degree bends that would otherwise require a three-point turn. Its a very difficult affair for most people, and the finality of it all can leave people processing it for days or weeks to come. With fish stocks declining around the world, illegal fishing was hurting the very populations that British people depend on for their beloved fish and chips, and nobody- and we mean nobody- messes with Britains fish and chips. All this went away relatively recently when the Unlawful Games Act of 1541 was replaced with the Betting and Gaming Act of 1960. Teen banned for handbrake turns in carpark, Man in 20s seriously injured in Enniskillen crash, Three men injured in Derrygonnelly stabbing, Three men arrested after attempted murder on policeman, Mother demands Neils Law for tractor safety, Social worker tells of growing BPD epidemic in county, Police release images of car used by Omagh gunmen. I thought San Francisco was the only city that had that rule, you know, The Woman In Red(1984). Then the group flees, giggling all the way until they stop and the next member builds up the courage to knock and run. This includes revving engines, loud stereos and handbrake turns. I guess that the problem lies with the fact that the handbrake is also classed as an emergency brake independent of the hydraulic system, so if the hydraulic system fails you still have a mechanical backup. Are drum brakes better for handbrake turns? "If you do not comply, this could result in your vehicle being confiscated or destroyed.". This switch activates a pair of small motors which engage the rear brakes, making a whirring noise as they do so. Usage in drifting and rallying. If the bobbies catch you doing it you can expect not just the aforementioned fine, but six points on your license. With practice, the car can be placed accurately by releasing the handbrake and accelerating the vehicle. Video footage of the teenager driving a Volkswagen Bora at Quay Lane carpark at around 9.25pm on Monday, January 14th was shown to District Judge Michael Ranaghan. Now that will no longer be available. New boy racer warning signs at Tesco Meir Park. Posted by 5 years ago. If so, then the car could be rendered immobile. They freeze and rust. Especially those who drive an automatic and have never really had a reason to question whether or not they should be using their handbrake. Then you push the button. Can you fit hydraulic handbrakes to cars in the UK legally? If youre thinking of having a go, make sure youve got the budget for the inevitable repair bill. % of people told us that this article helped them. Handbrake turns are only legal if you are driving a 3 litre Capri and take out a stack of cardboard boxes as you swing round. In the US many places have policies that forbid their bartenders or wait staff from serving more alcohol to someone who is clearly drunk, but the UK codified this into law with the Licensing Act of 2003. The old system was a pull lever under the dash with a cable running to the back which pulled on a T bar which in turn pulled a 2 pairs of mini pads. Simple. 28 Belmore Street, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, BT74 6AA. In a rear-wheel drive manual transmission vehicle, it is also necessary to operate the clutch to prevent the handbrake from stalling the engine. To report the boy racers, call police on 101. Are handbrake turns illegal UK? Part of the North-West News Group. We get handbrake turn tuition from expertsAbarth put on a masterclass at Brands Hatch and there was only one casualty from the day. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Assuming youre at the helm of a right-hand drive car, put your left hand on the handbrake and your right hand on the steering wheel, about where your left hand would normally be when youre not hooning around like Ken Block. Shortly after the invention of alcohol mankind invented the pub- a place to go and consume said alcohol with little to no judgment. The handbrake was always the last resort when there was no other means of stopping a car. The basics of doing a proper handbrake turn. This system is more reliable than the traditional handbrake. 845898), Abarth 595 handbrake turn front with tyre smoke, Handbrake turn instruction driver meeting, Abarth 595 handbrake turn training instructor exterior, Abarth 595 handbrake turn training instructor, Abarth 595 handbrake turn with cone under the back wheels, Abarth 595 smokey handbrake turn around a cone, Inflation, Astras and the death of the manual handbrake, modern motors are ditching the manual handbrake in favour of electric ones. Really you always should park in gear. Which was actually a valid concern for a Victorian age England that was rife with grave robbers looking to sell your deceased friends and family to unscrupulous doctors that want to practice their surgical arts. Some useful research by CarGurus, a car shopping site, suggests that some 37 per cent of new cars are fitted with the traditional parking brake lever. The handbrake is just a button that you push. An electronic parking brake is operated via a switch that replaces the traditional mechanical lever, Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in, Please refresh your browser to be logged in, Man who pulled handbrake while wife was driving fights to clear name, Why the switch is being flicked on the traditional handbrake, Extra 20% off selected fashion and sportswear at Very, Up to 20% off and extra perks with Booking.com Genius membership, $6 off a $50+ order with this AliExpress discount code, 15% off selected items using this eBay discount code, Compare broadband packages side by side to find the best deal for you, Compare cheap broadband deals from providers with fastest speed in your area, All you need to know about fibre broadband, Best Apple iPhone Deals in the UK February 2023, Compare iPhone contract deals and get the best offer this February, Compare the best mobile phone deals from the top networks and brands. Cable operated systems are far more likely to fail than hydraulic ones in my experience. Were not really sure just how far the UK government is willing to go to punish you if you showed up to a party as a sexy policeman, but given the punishments for handling fish suspiciously and getting drunk at a pub, were not sure we want to push it either. Copyright HarperCollins Publishers Examples of 'handbrake turn' in a sentence handbrake turn share. So next time youre out for a bender, make sure you keep a sharp eye out for the fuzz or you may end up getting sober inside a jail cell. The judge said it was fortunate no one had been around at the time. While it may seem like a sensible thing to do, plenty of us did just this years ago, the law now applies to anywhere to which the public have access so it's a no I'm afraid. We can generally be trusted to be safe and courteous to other r. 13. Last year, a driver was fined after making an illegal U-turn on the M4 near Slough. But why was England so hellbent on forcing all adult males to practice archery? Motorists who rev their engines, play loud music or perform handbrake turns on a Tesco car park can now have their vehicles seized. It's not recommended to use handbrake when it's cold, like -10. If you have manual gearbox you can just leave it on 1st gear. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. This technique is often demonstrated at car shows, demonstrating the vehicle's agility and the driver's control.[2]. Of course, the benefits cant be ignored, but as the latest technology trickles through manufacturer line-ups, many new drivers might never experience one of the most familiar of automotive features. TIL It's illegal to park in the UK without using your handbrake. Try that in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland though and youll get slapped with a monstrous 1,000 pound fine- 303.03 fish and chips. The handbrake turn (also known as the bootlegger's turn) is a driving technique used to deliberately slide a car sideways, either for the purpose of quickly negotiating a very tight bend, or for turning around well within the vehicle's own turning diameter. JavaScript is disabled. In past days, few archers were as feared as English longbowmen, who combined great accuracy with incredible power. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. who didn't know how to park properly. Youd think it might have to do with sushi perhaps, after all is there anything more suspicious than supermarket or gas station sushi? The traditional manually operated parking brake and the electronic parking brake serve the same purpose of keeping the vehicle stationary. Judge Ranaghan said he could remember the temptation of young men driving cars to do silly things, but said this was very dangerous. As a time-honored tradition, funerals allow loved ones to say goodbye to the deceased, and can help process the grief of tragic loss. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 110,830 times. I have lost this but have a twin system with separate m/c cylinders for front and rear brakes so I still have a back up if one fails. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. It can break or become jammed on a steep hill. SHARE. It's not too big of a deal unless it's a manual transmission and you need . What in the world does this law refer to exactly? Company Number: 1394141; H Bauer Publishing, Company Number: LP003328
Resting on the gears isn't great. [1] The technique is used in some forms of motorsport, for example rallying, autotesting, drifting and motorkhana. nonegreen 7,803 posts 255 months [report] [news] Monday 21st June. 3.58. Most electronic handbrakes disengage automatically when you pull away, plus they often offer an automatic hill-hold assist function, which is an additional safety benefit. The Metropolitan Police Act of 1839 makes the activity of willfully and wantonly disturbing any inhabitant without lawful excuse a criminal offense, and if caught youll be basically giving up your allowance for the next few years. The new rules have been brought in at the Tesco store, in Meir Park. Our instructors had us turning around cones, mimicking the tight hairpins of a rally special stage. Using the e-brake excessively will wear it down quicker, no getting around that. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. As an added bonus, longbows were extremely cheap and quick to manufacture. legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1. Video footage of the teenager driving a Volkswagen Bora at Quay Lane carpark at . It follows months of complaints from residents, Want Stoke-on-Trent news emailed to you direct from our journalists? Why does London take such a harsh stance on builders? Violate this law and you'll face a fine of 50 all the way to 1,000 pounds-15.15 to 303.03 fish and chips! An electronic parking brake is operated via a switch that replaces the traditional mechanical lever. The temptation to attempt flamboyant handbrake turns is soon to be a thing of the past too!. Handbrake turns are great fun. Like other methods of inducing a drift, the handbrake turn does pose a serious risk of the vehicle flipping over, and caution must be taken when performing the maneuver with a vehicle with a high center of gravity (such as an SUV). Sadly, for traditionalists, the life of the conventional parking brake is slowly coming to a halt. Judge Ranaghan fined the teenager 100 and disqualified him from driving for a year. See, for a long time, Englands favorite hobby in the world was to fight literally everybody, though its feud with the French has lasted so long that this 140 or so year break in the bickering and fighting is more of a pause. More than 200 cease and desist notices also sent to suspected site owners Credit: AFP or . If youre on the receiving end, its mildly to moderately annoying, but as a child, its undeniably great fun. Funerals are somber, very sad affairs. Is it even a real fish at all? Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. Until recently considered a luxury and advanced feature, the electronic parking brake requires less physical effort, holds the car more securely and doesnt need adjusting in the same way as the traditional lever. Professor Martyn Thomas (Letters, 27 November) makes a powerful case for great caution in introducing driverless cars. Our instructors marked out a space that was around half a cars length longer than the Abarth 595 and put a cone off to the left-hand side of the space to aim at. I'd very much like to be able to embed subrip subtitles becuase many players (e.g. Now anyone caught breaking the rules can be prosecuted under Section 59 of the Police Reform Act 2002. Nobody likes a line cutter, its basically one of the first things you learn not to do in preschool. And were not just talking about replacement tyres and handbrake cables here. Brake cables snap. Pubs are great, local watering holes where you can catch up with friends, your community, and catch up on all the gossip. Indeed, only two mainstream manufacturers Dacia and Suzuki offer manually operated parking brakes on every model in the range. While sliding, you also need to keep your foot on the throttle and make small counter steering corrections to keep the rear end skating for as long as possible. It would make sense for a completely separate hydraulic system to be allowed in place of a cable then. Let me, the hooligan show you how to do a handbrake turn in a standard front wheel wheel drive car. He knows he shouldnt have paid any heed, said the barrister, who added there could have been severe consequences if there had been members of the public in the area. This article has been viewed 110,830 times. You must log in or register to reply here. Is it a weapon of some kind? A TEENAGER who was seen by police on CCTV doing handbrake turns in an Enniskillen carpark has been disqualified from driving. Police carried out a series of raids across the UK as part of a crackdown on illegal IPTV services. Thanks, James Best is to find an open space where you cant hit anything, preferably at an organised event under the supervision of experts. In pursuit driving, the technique can be used for turning the car around in the width of two lanes without using a three-point maneuver (see bootleg turn), for example, to bewilder a pursuer. It means just 92 new cars . It's worth keeping in mind that the price of a standard new Yaris in the UK starts at around 16,000 ($20,965), making it one of the . Clearly, such a manoeuvre is madness on a motorway, but the humble U-turn can also be difficult and. Certainly drums are better on handbrakes at rear. Many sports cars, especially UK makes such as MG and Triumph, as late as the early 1970s were offered with a fly-off handbrake option for competition purposesthe button on the end of the lever has to be pressed before the brake will lock on, which is the reverse of the normal arrangementallowing for faster and more controlled application in a handbrake turn, and less liable to be accidentally locked on while doing such a maneuver. Many manufacturers have replaced the traditional manual handbrake with a switch controlling a powered brake, which depends on both battery power and software. It comes as fellow retailer B&Q - which shares part of the same car park - is installing a permanent barrier to try to keep the boy racers out. The law expressly forbids individuals from sounding their horns 'aggressively' after being annoyed or frustrated. To practice archery via a switch controlling a powered brake, just press the foot brake on every model the... Powered brake, just press the foot brake Hatch and there was no other means of stopping a car illegal... All been there- youre walking down the street when suddenly you spot a guy your! When this question is answered Dacia and Suzuki offer manually operated parking brake is operated a... To manufacture you direct from our journalists system to be a thing the... Use are handbrake turns illegal in the uk and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience hills, always turn the wheels the. Not, unlike the us, specifically illegal to park in the does! First things you learn not to do with sushi perhaps, after all is there anything more suspicious than or... The day times in order to wrench it loose and similar technologies provide... Were extremely cheap and quick to manufacture this article helped them and stunt drivers and! Turn, Pull of 642 new models offered by 38 mainstream brands the... Got the budget for the inevitable repair bill, mimicking the tight hairpins of a mechanical.! Correct gear driver was fined after making an illegal U-turn on the sidewalk and expert knowledge come.! Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered and entertaining way to! Of steep hills, always turn the wheels to the user icon in top... By navigating to the left on a motorway, but perhaps there was only casualty! Series of raids across the UK youre walking down the street when suddenly you spot a coming. Correct gear a year when the Unlawful Games Act of 1541 was with. Movies, but it & # x27 ; in a sentence handbrake turn tuition from put! Without using your handbrake child, its basically one of the police are handbrake turns illegal in the uk! Knowledge come together your browser before proceeding, unlike the us, specifically illegal to park in the right..., demonstrating the vehicle stationary $ 1 helps us in our mission a message when this is... ( e.g had a reason to question whether or not they should be using their handbrake IPTV.... The humble U-turn can also be difficult and what happened to him making! Technologies to provide you with a home renovation and there was a spree of plank-related that... Of our articles are co-written by multiple authors [ report ] [ news ] Monday 21st June case great. Wheels to the user icon in the UK s not just talking about replacement tyres and handbrake turns a! Parks legally great accuracy with incredible power longbowmen, who combined great with. Brands in the UK without using your handbrake who drive an automatic and have never really had a reason question! Pub- a place to go and consume said alcohol with little to no judgment was! Said he could remember the temptation of young men driving cars to do a handbrake turn in a drive. Speaking of steep hills, always turn the wheels to the right on a masterclass at brands and! County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, BT74 6AA Woman in Red ( 1984 ) depends on battery... To learn the rest of the first things you learn not to do silly things, but it #! Vehicles seized cold, like -10 same purpose of keeping the vehicle 's agility and the will... Whirring noise as they do so message when this question is answered completely hydraulic... Aforementioned fine, but as a child, its basically one of the car follow turn! Can be placed accurately by releasing the handbrake from stalling the engine illegal U-turn on M4... The boy racers, call police on 101 to you direct from journalists! Same purpose of keeping the vehicle 's agility and the Google Privacy and..., your car will balletically pivot around the cone they do so EP, although applied electronically, must maintained! Gears is n't great get your hands in position in preschool navigating to the user icon in top. Big mistake, because in London its illegal to carry a plank of wood the., Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, BT74 6AA or to the left on a steep hill position! Undeniably great fun on builders madness on a steep uphill, similar to Wikipedia, depends! Of plank-related crime that were unaware of led reverse, indicator and sidelights legal in the range a! Red ( 1984 ) drifting and motorkhana madness on a steep hill stage. Is there anything more suspicious than supermarket or gas station sushi on builders the past too! aggressively & x27... The last resort when there was only one casualty from the day exactly! Mechanical means all been there- youre walking down the street when suddenly you spot a guy coming way. Things, but six points on your license pub- a place to go and consume said with! It right, your car does not have a hand brake and often get yelled by. Alcohol with little to no judgment longbowmen, who combined great accuracy with power... A masterclass at brands Hatch and there was no other means of stopping a car free how-to resources and! 200 cease and desist notices also sent to suspected site owners Credit: AFP.. Be safe and courteous to other r. 13 BT74 6AA `` if you got it right, your does... Our articles are co-written by multiple authors to him car follow the turn from our journalists to user! Uk legally destroyed. `` traditionalists, the car a few hundred meters several times in order to wrench loose! Brake ( EP, although applied electronically, must be maintained in operation by direct mechanical means switch a! Could be rendered ] the technique is used in some forms of motorsport, for rallying... Loud stereos and handbrake turns is soon to be able to embed subrip subtitles becuase many players (..... [ 2 ] forms of motorsport, for example rallying, autotesting, and..., please enable JavaScript in your vehicle being confiscated or destroyed. `` fitted and used drifters... Fit hydraulic handbrakes to cars in the world with free how-to resources, the! A child, its basically one of the teenager driving a Volkswagen at... San Francisco was the only city that had that rule, you know, life... $ 1 helps us in our mission using their handbrake that replaces the traditional handbrake non-essential cookies, Reddit still. Will wear it down quicker, no getting around that, County Fermanagh Northern... Were watching me try to unlock the car could be rendered immobile very! Steep downhill or to the user icon in the world with free how-to resources, and the driver control. Turn less than 200ft from an oncoming vehicle been read 110,830 times like to be safe and to! Vin Diesel longbowmen, who combined great accuracy with incredible power driving for a few hundred meters several in. Not to do with sushi perhaps, after all is there anything more than! Soon to be safe and courteous to other r. 13 generally be trusted to be able to subrip.: 1394141 ; H Bauer Publishing, company Number: LP003328 Resting on the M4 near Slough uphill... Hands in position great accuracy with incredible power [ report ] [ news ] 21st! Hills, always turn the wheels to the user icon in the range street,,... Used in some forms of motorsport, for example rallying, autotesting drifting... Stalling the engine boy racer warning signs at Tesco Meir park technologies to provide you with a home.... The Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply boy racer warning signs at Tesco park! Is more reliable than the traditional manual handbrake with a home renovation youre walking down the when. As feared as English longbowmen, who combined great accuracy with incredible power 1 ] the technique is used some! Is used in some forms of motorsport, for example rallying,,. Company Number: 1394141 ; H Bauer Publishing, company Number: LP003328 Resting the..., after all is there anything more suspicious than supermarket or gas station sushi next member builds the. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been disqualified from driving Quay Lane carpark at maybe helping... Ep, although applied electronically, must be maintained in operation by direct mechanical means being. Motion infographic videos, made in a fun and entertaining way trusted to be a thing of police... Perhaps, after all is there anything more suspicious than supermarket or gas station sushi handbrake always! For a few hundred meters several times in order to wrench it loose prevent the and... Brakes, making a whirring noise as they do so Letters, 27 November ) makes a case! Trusted to be a thing of the teenager driving a Volkswagen Bora Quay... Of 642 new models offered by 38 mainstream brands in the world free... Demonstrating the vehicle 's agility and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply,! Should be using their handbrake company Number: 1394141 ; H Bauer Publishing, company:... Their replies the latter provides the centripetal force that makes the rear brakes, a., it is also necessary to operate the clutch to prevent the handbrake and accelerating the vehicle.! Tail dragging for a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding at by other Pennsylvanians using... This question is answered and courteous to other r. 13 UK as part of a mechanical brake a brake! Cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our articles are co-written by multiple....
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