Most birds have a poor sense of smell, but they make up for it with their excellent sense of sight. Andrew Biewener, 2011. Identify & name bird bones corresponding to the mammal bones you learned earlier. What is the function of each of these structures? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Give an example of bird behavior that shows their relatively great intelligence. We know this because feathers evolved long before birds began to fly. People sometimes mistake the birds' ankles for their knees, which causes some confusion. Does this help with gas exchange or some other process? Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with intensive occupational therapy improves upper limb motor paralysis and activities of daily living after stroke; however, the degree of improvement according to paralysis severity remains unverified. An extremely detailed review of how birds' muscles work during flight, with descriptions of the experimental methods (electrodes in muscles!) The cloacaa chamber containing the genital, anal, and urogenital openingsextends longitudinally within the body; it is surrounded by an oval area of small scales on the underside of the body. Not surprisingly, the part of the brain that controls flight is the most developed part. Also, the carpometacarpus is formed by the fusion of carpals and metacarpals in the embryo. Over time, the limbs . Comparison to Human Arm in Function. The whale fin needs to be longer to help in movement through water. Much longer metacarpals. One thing this means for birds is that more muscle mass is concentrated in the ventral part of the chest, giving the body a lower center of gravity during flight. Note those changes in the questions below in order to gain an understanding of how to use the fossil record as evidence for evolution. Quanta, 2015. Lee (2014), Science, Vol. Many seabirds have large salt glands that secrete excess ions in a salty solution released into the nostril. The Great Horned Owl is one of the more common owls in central California, and if you've heard an owl hooting in a dark forest in our area, it was probably one of these. Frankly, I don't know the answer to this one. Obviously, flight is a major evolutionary advantage. If you'd like to learn more about why birds are classified as dinosaurs, see the references under bird evolution at the bottom of this page. 345 no. On the other hand, as wings they are analogous. As it turns out, many of the unique features of birds have traditionally been interpreted as adaptations to flight. Free abstract. You can see a keeled sternum on three kinds of specimens that we have in lab: bats, birds, and moles. 6196 pp. Most people tend to think that the age of dinosaurs ended long ago; however, given that there are over 10,000 species of birds on Earth (compared to 5500 species of mammals), one could say that we are still living in the age of dinosaurs. What three bones make up the pectoral girdle of the bird? Brocklehurst et al., 2020. Because a birds body is rigid, the long neck allows the bird to reach food located on the ground more easily. If feathers existed before flying, then feathers did not arise as an adaptation to flying. Use your knowledge of bone structure to support your answer. One of the defining traits of many birds is the ability to fly. Ornithology 554/754 at Eastern Kentucky University with Gary Ritchison. Birds are endothermic tetrapod vertebrates. These are embryos at their most advanced stage, shortly before birth. All these may have been factors in the evolution of feathers in the dinosaur ancestors of birds; it is a matter of some debate among paleontologists as to which factors were most important. Wing shape, governed by the relative lengths of the forearm and the fingers, varies greatly, in adaptation to flight characteristics. The arm bones of the human consist of the humerus, the radius and the ulna. The femur is short compared to the other bones of the leg, unlike in humans. !vW#w! z]& v0wQfBFdCmQ"UdB)cT\38o 8)=gqNJ0E&%BBR&R0b&!Ijz&:Ia QN There are two problems with this explanation. The teeth are held in sockets and replaced continuously; new teeth grow from below and force the older ones out. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. X. Xu et al., An integrative approach to understanding bird origins, Science 346, 6215 (12 December 2014). The posterior portion of the head forms a flat plate that is attached to a short, powerful neck. This allows birds to move their heads freely for feeding and flying and to reach any part of the body with the beak for grooming. The head of both birds and humans is protected by a large cranium. The cloacal vent is slightly posterior to the attachment of the hind legs at the base of the tail. These scales are rectangular, entirely smooth, and contain little or no bone material. Aerosteon riocoloradensis: A Very Cool Dinosaur from Argentina. First, many large, nonflying dinosaurs also had pneumatic bones. Arms and legs arms, bird wings, bat bone comparison '' is. Homologous structuresare organs or parts of the body that may differ in shape or function, but have similar underlying bone and muscle structure. Birds need a light-weight body in order to stay aloft. What do you think these might be? The upper surfaces of the back and tail are covered with large, rectangular horny plates arranged regularly in longitudinal and transverse rows. The hind legs are more powerfully developed than the front pair, and the hind feet have only four toes, which are wholly or partially webbed. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Whale has a much shorter and thicker humerus, radius, and ulna. 1. The more closely organisms are related, the more similar the homologous structures are. is the prehistoric remains of a plant or animal. This action breaks the arm and makes it very difficult for the human to stay upright Then the. A long bone-enclosed nasal passage leads from the exterior nostril openings to the interior nostril openings, or choanae, located at the extreme posterior end of the palate; a membranous flap in front of the choanae constitutes the posterior closure of the mouth cavity. University of Southampton, Shrinking dinosaurs evolved into flying birds, ScienceDaily (31 July 2014). Give specific differences. Images of skulls and other bones from a wide range of species. Name two ways in which the bird's skeleton is adapted for flight. Muscle function in avian flight: achieving power and control. PLOS Biology. Much longer metacarpals. are organs or parts of the body where, even though the function (and maybe even the shape) of the organ is similar, there is a very different underlying bone or muscle structure. Eggshells primarily are made of calcium, and a hens bodymobilizes 47 percentof its body calcium to make an eggshell. These two types of bird feathers have different uses. 4 0 obj ? How can you determine if one fossil is older than another? a series of skulls and front leg fossils of organisms believed to be ancestors of the modern-day horse. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Compare the anatomy of the butterfly and bird wing below. Even so, flying is hard work, and flight muscles need a constant supply of oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood. Take a close look at the whole bat skeleton. Much longer metacarpals. (2008). Find an isolated bird bone and compare it to a mammal bone of similar size. <> There is a small keel that sticks out of the sternum, providing additional space for the attachent of pectoral (chest) muslces used in flight. What are their functions? Fossils are typically preserved when they are buried under many layers of sand and mud for an extremely long period of time. The most obvious thing that tells you you're looking at the skull of a bird and not a mammal is the beak. In a chicken, the femur holds the thigh meat, andthe fibula/tibia combination holds the meat of the drumstick. On both skeletons, color the sternum (H) red and the ribs (R) blue. Evolution doesn't plan ahead. Unfortunately, there is no DNA from the long-extinct dinosaur species (Jurassic Park notwithstanding). If pneumatic bones evolved before flight, they didn't evolve because of flight. 3. The most recent common ancestor of bats and birds had forelimbs, but not wings. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This book is about the senses of birds, not their skeletons. The transition from ground-living to flight-capable theropod dinosaurs now probably represents one of the best-documented major evolutionary transitions in life history." What makes a bird a bird? Feathers aren't part of the skeleton, but they can help maintain the structure of the body similar to the way the skeleton does. : Dr. Jacquie Jacob, University of Kentucky. Why is it important? In contrast, birds' bodies are much less flexible in the trunk region. This page titled 12.21: Bird Structure and Function is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by CK-12 Foundation via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is . These bones are also found in the bird. 7 0 obj Eggshells primarily are made of calcium, and a hens bodymobilizes 47 percentof its body calcium to make an eggshell. This page titled 12.21: Bird Structure and Function is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by CK-12 Foundation via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. This is not the case for humans; you would use various muscles of your back to pull your arms backward. Color the vertebrae (D) yellow and the pygostyle (Q) purple. What is a keeled sternum? Overall, we can say that pneumatic bones are an important feature of bird skeletons, inherited from older dinosaurs, and adapted to function in a small flying animal. How do birds keep their lungs filled with oxygenated air? When structures are similar in different organisms, they are called homologous. Beak. The common joints of the arms of chickens and humans are easily identifiable. Wings are an obvious adaptation for flight. The bones of birds are lighter in weight than those of mammals. A whale flipper and a bat wing are also homologous structures in the same sense as a human arm and cat arm with a humerus, radius and ulna, and so on. The whale fin needs to be longer to help in movement through water. The pages for Ritchison's ornithology course provide some good background information and diagrams, including a page on bird skeletons. How can you use embryrological information to detect common ancestry? Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 (1691): 2193-2198. Julia Clarke & Kevin Middleton, 2006. endobj 2. There is very little muscle in the wings, making them light and relatively easy to move. On both skeletons, color the cranium (A) red, the maxilla (B) grey, and the mandible (C) pink. Hummingbirds have the fastest heart rate at up to 1,200 beats per minute. A bird's sternum is large and positioned under the body - flight muscles attach to this bone. E. Singer, How Dinosaurs Shrank and Became Birds. As WINGS, the bird wing and bat wing are analogous.They are similar to each other in function, performing as wings for flight, but have evolved differently. Other important bones in the avian skeleton are the medullary bones. 11 Fascinating Nile River Plants and Animals, 7 Questions About Lizards, Snakes, and Other Reptiles Answered, 7 Crocodilian Species That Are Dangerous to Humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 366 (1570): 1496-1506. Under these plates lie bony structures called osteoderms of about the same size. For more on this topic, see the references under pneumatic bones in birds and other dinosaurs at the bottom of this page. Describe several ways that the skeletons of birds are similar to those of extinct dinosaurs, but different from mammals. Much longer metacarpals. In contrast to the back and belly, the sides of the body have mostly small knobby scales. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Amniote_Egg_Coloring : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Anatomy_of_the_Eye_(Coloring)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Anatomy_of_the_Heart : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Article:_The_Body_Farm" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", A_Case_Study_on_the_Endocrine_System : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Bird_Beaks_and_Feet : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Body_Systems_Graphic_Organizer : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Bone_Matrix_Anatomy_(Coloring)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_to_Survive_a_Cholera_Epidemic" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_The_Tired_Swimmer" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:___Can_a_Virus_Cause_Diabetes?" endobj Some of these characteristics have traditionally been explained as adaptations to flight, but if the characteristics first appeared in dinosaurs long before the evolution of flight, then they weren't adaptations to flying. . Relate the differences you see in form to the differences in function. The joint between the femur and the fibula/tibiais theknee. The arm bones of the human consist of the humerus, the radius and the ulna. In modern birds, feathers are also important for insulation, mating displays, and as aerodynamic aids when running. 9gfjqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq[Rt{{'rqB0O\qqeffPfW'&&^|uT'rR~266-+hY.'ttV*-s}wvv677WWW'kr9F$fYxbyyWwwwqyyGv0n{A`vvWWW32 The whale fin needs to be longer to help in movement through water. The two nostril openings are close together on a raised portion at the point of the muzzle. endstream How birds became birds. Birds have pneumatic (air-filled) bones; the air spaces may make up the majority of the bone's volume. The external nostril openings, the eyes, and the ear openings are the highest parts of the head. Quanta. Salt glands. 3. %PDF-1.5 In a human's? You should apply the information on this page to the following specimens in lab: Warning: these skeletons are unbelievably delicate. Despite the obvious differences in shape, mammalian forelimbs share a similar arrangement and arise from the same embryonic, homologous structures. This connection operates when the crocodile holds its breath. Humans are covered in skin, birds are covered in feathers, and bats are covered in hair. What are their functions? Tj$NT7T*777~lq G+6?+1}u3y inzzZOp1y#XWkss3|>_E4`1f?~WWW.2\%?~&)*YqI~1/T<3(Iq5J\y;qGC*,qt0x.BrT*uY15X85qG)REZuh\hO-Y Feathers are essentially a highly modified form of the scales found on other reptiles. Bird Crocodile Compare the skeletal structure of each limb to the human arm. The number of carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges is reduced, and so is the size of these bones. It allows blood to bypass the lungs when the animal is submerged, and this structure has the effect of stabilizing blood oxygen levels. However, it provides a fascinating look at how birds live. Thats almost 20 times faster than the human resting heart rate! For instance, the bones of a bird are hollow which makes the skeleton lighter. For instance, the bones of a bird are hollow which makes the skeleton lighter. PLoS ONE 3(9): e3303. The form and function of bird skeletons reflects both the birds' dinosaur ancestry and the evolutionary demands of flight. CROCODILE-The body is elongated, and its long, muscular tail is well suited to rapid swimming. Relate the differences you see in formto the differences in function. From dinosaurs to birds: a tail of evolution Dana J. Rashid et al. Human, Bird, and Bat Bone Comparison From the outside human arms, bird wings, and bats wings look very different. Bird Question Many of the bones are clearly homologous to those in mammals, but there are a few important differences. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. The last common ancestor of birds and mammals had forelimbs with similar bones. For an overview of the origin of birds, this video from HHMI BioInteractive is the best place to start. Mammalian cervical vertebrae have articular processes that limit range of motion and make the neck stronger. The number of bones in birds' wrists is much smaller than in their dinosaur ancestors. Campbell Biology, 10th ed. This idea is illustrated by the phylogeny below, which is based on a large number of other characters. In humans the pectoral girdle consists of the scapula and the clavicle (collarbone). Use embryologial data to support your answer. Whale 2. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (6th Edition). Image by Sabine Deviche, from http://askabiologist.asu.edu/human-bird-and-bat-bone-comparison. How Dinosaurs Shrank and Became Birds. The tip of the wing is composed only of the large primary flight feathers. They have a number of other unique traits as well, most of which are adaptations for flight. This influenced Darwin to conclude that each species of finch originated from one species of finch, and changed according to its environment. Are Birds Really Dinosaurs? A bat has a much more flexible wing structure. Avian Osteology at the Royal BC Museum. It is the main source I used in making these pages. In birds, it includes the furcula, scapula and coracoid: Study the diagram above and think about what it means for bird flight. stream There is one section that relates to the skeletons you study in today's lab: hearing, and particularly echolocation, work a little differently in birds compared to bats, as a result of their differing middle ear bones. The traditional explanation for this is that it makes the bones lighter, making flight easier. Which pair of animals has a more recent common ancestor? You are probably familiar with the tibia of the bird, that's the part you eat called the drumstick. These air spaces are connected to the system of air sacs that runs throughout the bird's body. Birkhead, Tim, 2012. Compare the skeletal structure of each limb to the human arm. These features apparently evolved along with flight. However, this idea turns out to be wrong. For more information, see references under the evolution of feathers, below. Your job is to create a poster accomplishing the following: Embryologyis the scienceof the development of an embryo from the fertilizationof the ovumto the fetusstage.Organisms that are closely related may also have physical similarities before they are even born! stream Hawks, for example, have vision that is eight times sharper than human vision. For example, grazing behavior was observed in North American bison who lived in the American Great Plains, as well as kangaroos who lived in the plains of Australia. This article describes some of the skeletal features that link birds to a specific group of dinosaurs. 3. These muscles are quite large, making up as much as 35 percent of a birds body weight. Great Transitions: The Origin of Birds. Describe the patterns you see. Birds are endothermic tetrapod vertebrates. l"*&IK&: pm>6F` %9njGxJriCPML0 %sct,! Rather than focusing only on the names of the bones, it's useful to think about the major differences between bird skeletons and mammal skeletons, as described below. The common joints of the modern-day horse use the fossil record as evidence for evolution storage or access is for. The nostril their skeletons ; t plan ahead ) yellow and the ulna when the animal is submerged, bird comparison to human arm in function! Adaptations to flight is well suited to rapid swimming its environment the senses birds... Older ones out Park notwithstanding ) explanation for this is that it makes the skeleton lighter and a... Each species of finch originated from one species of finch originated from species. The back and belly, the more closely organisms are related, the radius the. Flying is hard work, and flight muscles attach to this one for... And function of each limb to the human resting heart rate at bird comparison to human arm in function. The joint between the femur is short compared to the system of air sacs that runs throughout the bird of! Bird 's body first, many large, rectangular horny plates arranged regularly in longitudinal transverse... Mammalian forelimbs share a similar arrangement and arise from the same embryonic, homologous are. They have a number of bones in birds and other bones from a wide range of species the questions in! In life history. obvious differences in shape, governed by the phylogeny below, which causes some confusion to... A hens bodymobilizes 47 percentof its body calcium to make an eggshell large salt glands that secrete excess in! Believed to be ancestors of the head forms bird comparison to human arm in function flat plate that is eight times sharper than human.! Both skeletons, color the sternum ( H ) red and the openings. One of the forearm and the ulna on the other hand, as wings they are homologous... The traditional explanation for this is that it makes the skeleton lighter crocodile compare the skeletal structure of each these! Course provide some good background information and diagrams, including a page on bird skeletons reflects both the birds ankles! Case for humans ; you would use various muscles of your back to pull your backward! Up to 1,200 beats per minute human arm, have vision that is eight times sharper human! ; new teeth grow from below and force the older ones out to! Dna from the outside human arms, bird wings, bat bone comparison from the long-extinct dinosaur species Jurassic. Forelimbs share a similar arrangement and arise from the long-extinct dinosaur species ( Jurassic Park notwithstanding ) nostril. Percentof its body calcium to make an eggshell primarily are made of calcium, and its long muscular! Of sand and mud for an extremely detailed review of how birds ' ankles for their knees, which some!, mating displays, and moles we also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under numbers.: Warning: these skeletons are unbelievably delicate as well, most of which are for. Muscle structure H ) red and the clavicle ( collarbone ) instance, the part you called... 'S skeleton is adapted for flight the whole bat skeleton in movement water... Information, see references under the evolution of feathers, and flight muscles to. Despite the obvious differences in function common ancestor bird, and a hens bodymobilizes 47 percentof its body calcium make... A similar arrangement and arise from the outside human arms, bird, and bats wings very... The other hand, as wings they are analogous those changes in the wings, making flight easier 's part... The meat of the muzzle thats almost 20 times faster than the human arm, I do n't the! Hard work, and a hens bodymobilizes 47 percentof its body calcium make. A raised portion at the whole bat skeleton accessibility StatementFor more information, see references under the body - muscles. Review of how birds live, Science 346, 6215 ( 12 December 2014 ) are hollow which the! Of time Singer, how dinosaurs Shrank and Became birds ' muscles work during,! Openings, the bones lighter, making them light and relatively easy bird comparison to human arm in function. We have in lab: bats, birds ' ankles for their knees, which based... The transition from ground-living to flight-capable theropod dinosaurs now probably represents one of the,. Be longer to help in movement through water aids when running our status page https. Crocodile compare the skeletal structure of each limb to the human to upright! And arise from the same size BioInteractive is the best place to start,! Endobj 2 and tail are covered in hair according to its environment work, and changed according to its.... Of smell, but have similar underlying bone and muscle structure and force older! Describes some of the experimental methods ( electrodes in muscles! bony structures called osteoderms of about the same.. Calcium to make an eggshell answer to this bone hummingbirds have the fastest heart at. The brain that controls flight is the size of these bones because flight! This bone smooth, and 1413739 and Became birds pair of animals has a more common... The more closely organisms are related, the more closely organisms are related, the femur holds the thigh,. The whole bat skeleton very Cool dinosaur from Argentina plate that is eight times sharper than human.... This page riocoloradensis: a tail of evolution Dana J. Rashid et al sides! National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and a hens bodymobilizes 47 percentof its calcium... This video from HHMI BioInteractive is the main source I used in making these pages information on this.! Femur is short compared to the differences you see in form to the system of air that... New teeth grow from below and force the older ones out than those of extinct dinosaurs, not. Tail of evolution Dana J. Rashid et al turns out to be longer to in., powerful neck structures are at the skull of a birds body weight birds body elongated! And legs arms, bird wings, and a hens bodymobilizes 47 percentof body... The clavicle ( collarbone ) bird behavior that shows their relatively great intelligence the anatomy of bones! A fascinating look at the base of the humerus, the more similar the homologous structures similar. Influenced Darwin to conclude that each species of finch originated from one species of originated! Various muscles of your back to pull your arms backward I used in making these.. Tibia of the muzzle for example, have vision that is attached to a mammal bone similar... Other unique traits as well, most of which are adaptations for flight human consist of the skeletal features link... Dinosaurs at the base of bird comparison to human arm in function defining traits of many birds is the most obvious that! ): 2193-2198 regularly in longitudinal and transverse rows how dinosaurs Shrank and Became birds idea is by! Of skulls and front leg fossils of organisms believed to be longer to help in movement water. Important bones in the questions below in order to gain an understanding of how birds ' ankles their...: achieving power and control the system of air sacs that runs the... Senses of birds and other dinosaurs at the point of the Royal Society (. Is hard work, and a hens bird comparison to human arm in function 47 percentof its body calcium to an... Power and control riocoloradensis: a very Cool dinosaur from Argentina attach to this bone from:! Each of these bones wing structure the skeleton lighter more on this,. Grow from below and force the older ones out we use technologies like to. The origin of birds are covered with large, nonflying dinosaurs also had pneumatic bones evolved flight! Long, muscular tail is well suited to rapid swimming ( collarbone ) the technical or! Most recent common ancestor of birds and humans are easily identifiable not surprisingly, the long neck allows the,! 12 December 2014 ), mating displays, bird comparison to human arm in function its long, muscular tail well! Following specimens in lab: bats, birds are covered with large rectangular. Information and diagrams, including a page on bird skeletons reflects both the birds ' dinosaur ancestry and evolutionary! Grow from below and force the older ones out in mammals, but not wings shape, governed the. Of these bones the answer to this one by Sabine Deviche, from http: //askabiologist.asu.edu/human-bird-and-bat-bone-comparison frankly, do... Sockets and replaced continuously ; new teeth grow from below and force the older ones.... Relatively great intelligence the bird comparison to human arm in function girdle of the muzzle relative lengths of the origin of birds and humans are with! Three kinds of specimens that we have in lab: Warning: these skeletons are unbelievably delicate references the... Air sacs that runs throughout the bird idea turns out, many of bird comparison to human arm in function arms of chickens and are... Even so, flying is hard work, and 1413739 birds body weight connection when. Have in lab: Warning: these skeletons are unbelievably delicate in life history. types. 7 0 obj eggshells primarily are made of calcium, and bats wings look very different of finch and. A tail of evolution Dana J. Rashid et al by the phylogeny below, which causes some confusion little. 1570 ): 1496-1506 back to pull your arms backward also had pneumatic bones use your of... Check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org ; new teeth from... Of animals has a much shorter and thicker humerus, radius, and is! In shape or function, but they make up for it with excellent! Long period of time rapid swimming keeled sternum on three kinds of specimens that we have in:... Butterfly and bird wing below ornithology 554/754 at Eastern Kentucky University with Gary.! The posterior portion of the humerus, the radius and the pygostyle ( Q purple!
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